During World War II, Judith Shklar's family fled to Canada via Sweden and Japan. Later, Shklar taught political philosophy at Harvard until her retirement. In her final project, she returned to her childhood experiences and examined the fundamental conditions of exile and the situation of exiles. She identified the relationship between loyalty and obligation as a key distinguishing feature of all refugees, whether they are economic, war, or political refugees: "Loyalty" is an emotional bond to a group, a country, or an idea, while "obligation" is more tied to the logic of rules and laws. According to Shklar, to discuss refugees and their situation, one must consider the problem of "divided loyalty." The refugee is at home in neither world.