Due to changing values, globalization, migration, and increasing individualism, situations are arising more frequently at the societal and cultural levels, as well as in companies, schools, or municipalities, where mediation is required between seemingly irreconcilable positions. The construction of the Stuttgart 21 train station is one of the most prominent examples where the lines were drawn, and only the mediating intervention of a conciliator offered a prospect for conflict resolution. Since then, the concept of mediation has increasingly come into societal focus. The possibilities of mediation and the question of how mediation competence can be determined are at the center of this volume. Empirical data from the field of professional mediation, as well as examples from mediation practice, are utilized for this purpose. The use of practical tools for competence exploration is also included.