With the advancement of molecular genetic techniques and strategies, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind a large number of diseases in women's health has significantly increased in recent years. This book provides an overview of the current state of knowledge in molecular diagnostics and therapeutic options in the fields of prenatal medicine and high-risk obstetrics, reproductive medicine and endocrinology, as well as gynecological oncology. Engaging with these methods aims to ensure the application of this knowledge in the daily work of clinicians. The problems associated with the increasing knowledge, as well as the social, legal, and ethical implications, are also highlighted to support discussions with patients in everyday practice.