Heinrich Heine, the founder of romantic irony, had - which is little known - even studied under Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. However, he was by no means the only Jew of his time who was either personally taught by Hegel or at least significantly influenced by his thinking. The Jewish reception of Hegel in the mid-19th century led to - fittingly for Hegel, the thinker of contradiction - opposing, even hostile philosophies and theories: for instance, Zionism, as ultimately advocated by Karl Marx's long-time but not always steadfast companion Moses Hess; not to mention the revolutionary theory of class struggle, as posited by Marx, but also the historically ultimately more successful reformist theory of social democracy, founded by the Jew Ferdinand Lassalle, whom Marx despised.