This study develops a definition and description of disability that allows for the use of economic analytical methods to make statements about the disadvantages faced by people with disabilities. Economic and social conditions that exacerbate disability are included in the analysis. A comprehensive determination of disability and disability-relevant factors is facilitated within the framework of the Capability Approach. This serves to derive indications for support measures. Social welfare is taken into account in the determination and evaluation of policy measures. A general theoretical reference framework for disability policy is developed, which can be adapted depending on regional, legal, cultural, and economic conditions.