The plan for this book dates back to 1951, when Dr. Horst Muller, then the senior physician at the University Eye Clinic in Heidelberg, brought back the book "Motility and Refraction" by Lancaster from his study stay in America. Enthusiastic about its didactic value, he proposed a translation into German. Since that time, I have become convinced that it must be possible to achieve a deeper understanding of the optics of the human eye on a broader basis than the optics of Gaussian space, and that particularly a comprehensive knowledge of physical optics should also help bridge the gap between physical and physiological optics. Therefore, I initially endeavored to delve into the general laws of imaging developed by the Swedish ophthalmologist Alvar Gullstrand.