Those who embark on a search for the representation of medical thinking and practice in 17th-century literature will find numerous insights in the extensive work of Hans Jacob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen. This study offers a detailed commentary, historical contextualization of medical history, and literary as well as scientific historical interpretations of the passages in the work that deal with healing practices, healers, and diseases. On one hand, it discusses the question of the sources (genres) that may have provided the polyhistorical author access to medical knowledge, and examines whether, and with what modifications, he incorporated the medical knowledge of his time into his literary production. On the other hand, the author analyzes the direct and indirect evaluations of certain treatment methods, healer figures, and medical concepts within specific text sections, as well as the scope and functions of this critique of medicine.