The Near and Middle East is affected by refugee and migration movements like few other regions. Refugees and labor migrants are part of a complex phenomenon of migration that has various social, economic, and political causes. These include primarily violent conflicts, but also unequal levels of development and life opportunities. The aim of this work is to provide a comparative description and analysis of migration movements and systems in the Near and Middle East. The focus is on four case studies: the immigration of Jews to Israel, the flight and migration of Palestinians, migration movements in Lebanon, and Egyptian labor migration. It is demonstrated to what extent migration is both a cause and a consequence of conflicts in both origin and host countries, and how it has influenced regional processes of integration and disintegration. Refugees and migrants are by no means only victims of specific experiences of violence or structural constraints; they often also play a role as agents of social change.