This volume brings together the contributions from a scientific conference held in 2009 on the topic of 'Fortifications in the Middle Ages'. From the perspective of various disciplines, it aims to provide an overview of the emergence, forms, and design of fortifications in medieval towns, villages, monasteries, and granges, as well as in lesser-known sites and tabors. The geographical scope extends across Central Europe, Slovenia, Romania, Byzantium, and the Arab world. The contributions offer a cross-section of a topic in medieval fortification that has received little attention so far, as previous research has primarily focused on castles, while other fortifications have largely been overlooked.