The aim of this volume is to demonstrate, through concrete behavior—specifically the planning, decision-making, and execution of actions—what current knowledge exists at various levels of investigation and what impact this knowledge has on different areas of human society. The concept of action selection has traditionally been the subject of a range of different research approaches in psychology and behavioral research. More recently, neurobiology, computational neuroscience, AI research, and robotics have increasingly addressed this issue. Action planning, execution, and monitoring are particularly suitable topics for a situational assessment, as experimental data from psychology, neurobiology, and modeling are available.