With Freud's death in exile in London in 1939 and the discrimination by the National Socialists, the era of psychoanalysis as an innovative message in Central Europe in the first half of the 20th century came to an end. The USA, London, and Paris emerged as the new centers. From there, entirely new developments arose that fundamentally renewed classical Freudian theory. The result was ego psychology and neo-psychoanalysis in the USA, object relations theory in England, and structuralist psychoanalysis in France. The book traces these developments from 1940 to 1975 and concludes with a look at the post-war developments in Germany and Austria.