The most fundamental concept of psychoanalysis is that of transference and countertransference. Freud developed the concept of transference neurosis as a substitute for the repressed infantile neurosis, which develops within the framework of psychoanalytic treatment and can be healed there. According to Freud, transference neurosis arises entirely from the inner world of the patient. Self-psychology in psychoanalysis has led to a changed perspective on transference and countertransference. Kohut developed a distinct class of transfers, known as self-object transfers, based on the observational method of empathy and introspection, as well as his clinical experiences. This self-psychological view of transference connects to developmental arrests and derailments, allowing for subsequent maturation and development. In this context, the distinction is made.