Worldwide, many natural biotopes, such as wetlands, forests, and river meadows, as well as ecosystems created through historical use, such as heathlands and dry grasslands, have been severely affected or destroyed. As a result, important services for humans have been lost, and they can no longer be sustainably utilized. This trend can only be reversed through targeted rewilding to preserve livable conditions for future generations. This textbook develops the conceptual foundations of ecosystem restoration and explains the abiotic and biotic parameters. The chapters on the various ecosystem types of the Central European nature and cultural landscape address their typical characteristics, human-induced impacts, specific restoration goals, as well as experiences, successes, and challenges in restoration.