Textbook of Tree Diseases - illustrated with 137 black-and-white images and 1 black-and-white plate (1889). Many species of beetles feed on different parts of the plant body. They breed in the wood (wood borers, longhorn beetles) or between the wood and bark (bark beetles). While the former devalue the wood, the latter can fatally damage a tree by interrupting its vascular systems. Fungi can act as parasites, affecting various parts of the plant body and causing white or brown rot. Factors leading to forest damage also include increasing pollutant emissions in the form of acid rain, heavy metals, and nitrogen-containing fertilizers. Complex reactions and an increase in forest damage are to be expected as a consequence of the emerging climate changes due to global warming. Reprint of the original edition from 1889.