The authors delve into a vibrant concept that is typically associated with such diverse thinkers as Althusser, Gramsci, Horkheimer, and Adorno. Introduced by the philosopher Merleau-Ponty in the 1950s, the term gained popularity primarily through Perry Anderson's influential study "On Western Marxism" (1978), thus becoming a synonym for a "philosophical" Marxism that significantly shaped the reception of Marx in the 20th century. In this problem-oriented introduction, the authors trace this reception along with its political and theoretical origins. They address the background of the New Left and discuss individual authors such as Althusser and Gramsci. A thorough understanding of the debates within the New Left regarding economy and philosophy, state and politics, culture and aesthetics necessitates a precise knowledge of the "Western Marxists," making this book a valuable standard work.