Verdun, the Somme, the South Tyrol, and the Brusilov Offensive symbolize immense suffering and death on a massive scale. Historians from both domestic and international backgrounds examine the material battles of 1916 within the context of modern military history. The bloody material battles of 1916 have profoundly shaped the collective memory of World War I in Europe. The associated locations and individuals exemplify the path to a new, industrialized form of total war. This war encompassed the front lines and the home front, as well as the politics, society, and economy of the warring nations in an unprecedented totality. Scholars discuss in this volume various aspects of warfare, the mobilization of armed forces and nations, as well as the experiences of people and the memory of the war.