The name Euler is associated with the beginning of modern mathematics. Based on Euler's life and his scientific work, the author illustrates the development of contemporary mathematics in the second part of this mathematically and culturally historical journey. He focuses on important and exemplary developments, given the highly complex and fragmented evolution of mathematics in the late 20th century. This offers an exciting reading experience for mathematicians and anyone interested in the cultural history of mathematics. Starting from Leonhard Euler, his life, and his immensely rich scientific achievements, this volume continues the mathematical and cultural historical journey. The author traverses the evolution of mathematics over the last three centuries in a thrilling narrative, shaped in part by the great master Carl Friedrich.