A milestone in Archimedes research is now available again! Equipped with a comprehensive new preface that addresses recent research findings, this groundbreaking work tackles the still unresolved core question of Archimedes research: Did Archimedes transition from the practice of an architect, artillery, and instrument builder to mechanics, or did he, as a mathematician, elevate mechanics to a mathematical discipline for which he later sought applications? Through the reconstruction of Archimedes' life and work, his non-mathematical activities and achievements are connected with those of the mathematician, thereby harmonizing the partially divergent results of research over the past decades. With its coherent structure, the book provides an excellent introduction to the biography and work of Archimedes.