The book is primarily aimed at advanced students of physics and physical chemistry up to the doctoral level. It provides a detailed introduction to the key topics in atomic and molecular physics and the associated methods of modern optical physics. In many selected subfields, it leads up to the current state of research. At the same time, it also addresses active scientists and aims to be a standard work in the field. Through clearly structured chapters, the reader is gradually familiarized with the most important phenomena, models, and measurement methods, starting from the fundamentals of quantum physics. The focus is on experiments and their interpretation, with the necessary theory introduced concisely. The preceding first volume concentrates on the structure of atoms and an introduction to modes.