The book "Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering" documents the proceedings of the 37th International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods, which took place in 2017 in São Carlos, Brazil. It aims to expand research on Bayesian methods and promote their application within the scientific community. Contributions come from scientists across various disciplines who utilize inductive statistical methods and address the foundations of the Bayesian paradigm, as well as its comparison to objectivist or frequentist statistical approaches. The book provides a comprehensive discussion of the challenges and opportunities arising from the increasing availability of Bayesian methods, emphasizing the need to apply these methods thoughtfully rather than ad hoc, and to make informed decisions. The MaxEnt workshops have explored the application of Bayesian and Maximum Entropy methods in various scientific and engineering contexts for over 35 years.