The starting point of this book is the relationship between freedom and justice in the economy and society: Does a free market economy tend to lead to injustice? Does it widen the gap between the rich and the poor? Can and should something be done about it? The author presents a new approach in his book. He defines a new mathematical concept that combines economic performance and distributional justice in a simple formula: the new concept of "Fairness." Optimizing this new notion of "Fairness" instead of the traditional Gross Domestic Product offers far-reaching advantages. The most important is that freedom and justice are no longer seen as controversial but can be optimized together. To understand the new approach and its implications in context, the book provides a concentrated overview.