PPP have established themselves in Germany and internationally as a desirable procurement alternative for the public sector. In this context, cost efficiency compared to self-provisioning by the public sector plays a significant role. But do private companies really manage state-protected monopolies efficiently over time? And if so, how much more efficient could market provision be? Do PPPs truly create added value for citizens, or are they a hidden means of additional taxation? And are (nearly) insolvent public budgets really strong negotiating partners against globally operating construction companies? Sarah Wolff provides answers to these and other questions.