"Foundations of the Formal Sciences II" is an academic book that documents the results of the second conference in the "Foundations of the Formal Sciences" series. This interdisciplinary conference brought together experts from mathematics, philosophy, computer science, and linguistics to restore the traditionally strong connections between these fields of research. The focus of this volume is on the applications of mathematical logic in philosophy and linguistics. The contributions provide a comprehensive overview of how mathematical methods can enhance the understanding of language and scientific discourse. The topics range from theoretical foundations to practical applications, such as in language processing. This book is aimed at formal philosophers, theoretical linguists, as well as logicians and students who are interested in the practical applications of logic and wish to expand their knowledge in these areas.