This book provides an overview of the three central phases of globalization in modern times: the 16th to 18th centuries, the second half of the 19th century up to World War I, and the second half of the 20th century into the 2010s. International economic relations are illustrated through the goods, labor, and financial markets, the global economic and monetary orders including trade and monetary policies, as well as the organizational forms and market strategies of economic actors, namely merchants, trading companies, and international enterprises. The book is structured chronologically, with the presentation of the different epochs following the same systematics. Thus, for the first time, there is a comprehensive representation of international economic relations since the 16th century that allows for a rigorous comparison between different periods.