The increasing freight traffic in the European Union is leading to environmental impacts, particularly affecting the Alpine region. This work addresses the question of how this can be tackled through targeted legal measures, taking into account the fundamental freedoms of the European Union - especially the free movement of goods. The legal provisions for the establishment and use of infrastructures for trans-Alpine and intra-Alpine freight transport are of central importance, particularly the Alpine Convention - an international agreement for the protection and preservation of the Alps - and its transport protocol, to which the European Union and the eight Alpine countries are parties. The Alpine Convention and the transport protocol are presented and analyzed comprehensively for the first time in this work.