Healthcare in the penal system differs in many ways from general medicine. This is primarily due to the antinomic tension arising from the embedding of the patient-centered treatment mandate within the legal framework of restrictive incarceration. Furthermore, a significant plurality of medical tasks arises from the principle of optimizing intramural care in light of the cost- and personnel-intensive nature of, as well as the risks associated with, utilizing extramural medical services, as well as from the concentration of problem groups with specific health issues. Addressing this diversity of tensions and problem areas and establishing supportive standards can only succeed through interdisciplinary and international discourse. This volume aims to contribute to that effort.