This book addresses current issues surrounding the most important topics of our time, such as demographic change, globalization, the environment, and digitalization, discussing and explaining them from an economic perspective. Does demographic change lead to less economic growth? Are we still in the age of globalization, or is deglobalization already observable - and if so, what does that mean? Will cryptocurrencies replace our current monetary system? The contributing authors provide insights into the diverse challenges of our time. Each contribution includes brief, concise background information that refers to the underlying relevant economic concepts, models, and theories. The book is aimed at actors from business, society, and politics who seek a better understanding of the world of economic argumentation and well-known economic theories. It equally addresses students in economics programs who wish to apply and reflect on the content of their studies in a current context.