The fourth edition of this well-established book presents a comprehensive overview of static, dynamic, and stochastic methods in optimization theory. This includes both classical optimization methods that remain significant and have proven effective in numerous applications, as well as newer developments that appear particularly promising for future applications. For a large portion of the methods, mathematical derivations and background information are provided in an understandable form, facilitating a deeper study of the topics in conjunction with further specialized literature. The text includes many examples to illustrate the procedures. Additionally, some chapters contain a number of challenging applications with practical relevance.