The prevention of health impairments caused by medications is a collective responsibility of all individuals and institutions involved in the pharmaceutical supply chain. When health damages occur due to questionable medications, as a result of therapy or indication errors, due to improper medication use, or within the framework of clinical drug trials, the question arises as to who should be held accountable. The author examines this question from a criminal law perspective, focusing not only on the responsibility of the drug manufacturer but also on the criminal liability of the treating physician, the pharmacist dispensing the medication to the patient, and the regulatory state authorities overseeing the pharmaceutical supply chain and clinical drug trials.