The future project "Industry 4.0," which is a central element of the federal government's high-tech strategy, aims to digitize traditional industries, such as industrial production. The goal is to lead Germany's production sites into a new era through the integration of the virtual and physical worlds into Cyber-Physical Systems, enabling the convergence of technical processes with business processes on the path to the Internet of Things. The technology program "Autonomics for Industry 4.0" by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy is part of the future project "Industry 4.0." In the context of this program, the present volume has been created. The book provides an overview of possible pathways into the future of work under the conditions of autonomics and Industry 4.0, highlighting central challenges.