The relationship between Freemasonry and European fascism has long been largely taboo in Masonic research. Only recently has this explosive issue come to the forefront of research. The contributions in this volume address the complex relationship of Freemasonry to European fascism and its various manifestations in German National Socialism, Austrofascism, Italian fascism, the French "Action française," and the Franco regime in Spain. Fascism is viewed as a European phenomenon, although there have indeed been several fascist movements in Europe that complemented each other in some respects but also exhibited quite different forms in specific areas. This volume makes a significant contribution to the examination of an important chapter in the recent history of Freemasonry.