How does musical learning work on a neuroscientific level? How do we learn in the long term? And how should music education be designed to align with the neural mechanisms of learning? Neurodidactics for music education offers music teachers, students, trainees, and other interested parties the opportunity to understand and effectively shape the complex reality of music learning from an exciting perspective. To this end, a total of 16 didactic principles are derived, incorporating neuroscientific findings, which serve as guiding and structuring elements for musical teaching practice. Each principle is presented clearly and explained in short, concise formulations. Essential neural systems of humans, the neurobiology of music processing and emotions, as well as the influence of mirror neurons, are illuminated in the context of learning.