The term "Jewish question" entered the political debates of many European countries in the 19th century. Both non-Jews and Jews, philosemites and antisemites, liberals, conservatives, and socialists used it to express their respective positions on the equality of Jews, as well as to negotiate general questions of national identity. The dynamics of the debates surrounding the "Jewish question" were not solely driven by traditional, religiously based anti-Jewish sentiments or economic competition. The central thesis of the studies presented here is that the fundamental transformative processes associated with the transition from a feudal to a bourgeois society, the formation of states and nations, and industrialization in large parts of Europe were the primary causes.