The relationship between the Western and Islamic worlds has been the subject of passionate debates for years - not only from a foreign policy perspective but also regarding the Muslim parallel societies in European countries. However, these debates are conducted in terms that were developed to describe Western societies and overlook the self-understanding of Islam - as Islam sees itself as a comprehensive system of norms and values that permeates all areas of life, rather than merely a religion that shapes individual belief, according to Berlin social scientist Manfred Kleine-Hartlage. Anyone socialized into any society adopts a series of unconscious assumptions about law and truth, history, ethics, and morality from childhood, which, because they are indeed unconscious, form a system of cultural self-evidence.