The book "Theory of Cryptography" is a comprehensive collection of revised contributions from the 10th Conference on the Theory of Cryptography, which took place in March 2013 in Tokyo, Japan. It includes 36 carefully selected and peer-reviewed full texts that emerged from 98 submitted papers. The topics covered range from the examination of well-known paradigms and techniques to the discovery of new approaches that overcome existing limitations. Additionally, new cryptographic problems are formulated and addressed, security concepts are analyzed, and complexity assumptions in cryptography are explored. This academic book is aimed at professionals and students in the fields of engineering and IT, providing valuable insights into the current developments and challenges in cryptography.