Until the last few decades, the animals in the soil were the neglected stepchildren of zoology. Only recent research has provided closer insights into this diverse animal world. In response to the highly differentiated living conditions in various soils and soil layers, highly specialized forms have developed. Some species are restricted to tiny soil cavities, while others dig tunnels. There are predators and peaceful grazers, water dwellers and air breathers, sedentary and agile animals. Various forms of protection, such as toxic secretions, armor, jumping ability, camouflage and warning coloration, unique reproductive habits, and complex sensory organs offer a wealth of interesting study subjects. These animals inhabit our soils in astronomically large numbers. It is astonishing that they have only been recognized with the onset of.