Beats and hippies, "Twen" and "Konkret," long hair and turntables were both the material and manifestations of a youth cultural uprising that was often politically charged, triggering dramatic conflicts over the self-understanding of the Federal Republic while simultaneously driving its modernization from the ground up. The societal change of the 1960s was particularly propelled by a youth-driven mass culture that emerged in the late 1950s and often had a polarizing effect. Jazz bands, the Star-Club, magazines like "Twen" and "Konkret," radio broadcasts such as Radio Bremen's Beat Club, folk and underground festivals at Burg Waldeck, and the Essen Song Days of 1968, along with "Gammlers," shared living communities, and youth centers were crystallization forms of this novel youth culture, characterized by a surge in material improvement.