The tracheostomy is one of the most common medical procedures and leads to significant changes with temporary or permanent effects on the lives of those affected and their relatives. The indications for such a measure are usually severe conditions, such as airway obstructions, laryngectomies, or secretions issues resulting from severe swallowing disorders. This life-saving procedure impacts many areas of life. In addition to breathing, communication and swallowing may also be affected. Furthermore, extensive nursing measures are required. This guide is aimed at both relatives and those affected, as well as professionals in the fields of medicine, therapy, or nursing. In addition to presenting fundamental aspects of the anatomy and physiology of breathing, various tracheostomy tubes are discussed.