The volume contains contributions from a unique dialogue between neuroscience and biology on one side, and theology and the church on the other. Over the past 20 years, neurobiological research has led to a paradigm shift associated with the depathologization of transsexuality, yet a systematic reflection on transsexuality within the context of theology and the church remains a desideratum. This is where the contributions of the anthology come in: existing research findings from the perspectives of the involved disciplines are documented, controversial viewpoints are brought into conversation, and perspectives for an ethically, politically, and legally appropriate approach to transsexuality as a paradigmatic challenge for societal acceptance of gender diversity are opened up.