Herfried Münkler describes the transition from classical war between states to new forms of warfare, in which non-state actors have become challengers to the former war monopolist, the state. With this change, not only have security policy arrangements shifted, but the international legal regulations that were related to classical state warfare have also lost their power. In their place, a confrontation between concepts of 'just war' and those of 'holy war' has emerged. In Münkler's studies, symmetry and asymmetry serve as key terms. In the symmetrical confrontation, which has long defined European war history, not only did similar opponents face each other, but they could also mutually recognize each other as equals. Thus, reciprocity became the foundation of the St.