How can philosophy defend reason and truth in a time when skeptical relativism and post-truth stand on one side, and reductive naturalism and scientism on the other? Two of the four essays gathered in this book on the philosophy of modernity attempt to provide a positive answer to this question by integrating transcendental-pragmatic thinking, specifically that of Karl-Otto Apel and Jürgen Habermas, with the analytical philosophy developed by the later Wittgenstein into an argumentative mode of thought. On one hand, this involves a self-reflective and argumentatively binding reason that also appears to be diverse and situated. On the other hand, the relationship between justification and truth is discussed. The following two essays will address two crucial aspects from this perspective.