This essential discusses the process chains for the production of optical components for LED lighting applications. Focusing on cost-effective manufacturing of the components, the authors particularly address the possibilities for economical replication through plastic injection molding or roll-to-roll processes. They cover the necessary manufacturing steps for tool production as well as the metrological characterization of the plastic components. In doing so, they highlight the required machine and tool technology, possible process variants, the materials used, and corresponding example geometries.