The publication of this document provides me with a welcome opportunity to express my gratitude to the Emergency Association of German Science for enabling me to carry out critical research in physics for several years. I am indebted to Dr. Rudolf Carnap in Vienna and Dr. Kurt Grelling in Berlin for their friendly and critical corrections of certain details; I also owe thanks to Mr. Hans Stotz, a research assistant in Stuttgart, and Mr. Martin Strauss, a student in Berlin, for their diligent assistance with the proofreading. Berlin, October 1927. Hans Reidenhaupt. Introduction. Those who compare the philosophy of our time with the working methods of the great philosophical systematizers of the 17th and 18th centuries will encounter a fundamental difference in their approach to the natural sciences. While those classical philosophers...