The book introduces the fundamentals of understanding texts. The aim is to learn and practice approaches to the literary analysis of prose, drama, and poetry using text examples. Systematically building on fundamental questions regarding the definition of the subject (What is a text? What is literature?) and the reconstruction of text meaning (What is a sign? How is meaning constituted?), analytical tools are presented that are essential for the scientific interpretation of not only literary texts. This volume is suitable not only for beginners in their studies but is also designed as a workbook to accompany students up to their final exams. The new edition from 2015 has been completely revised and updated.