The book provides insights gained in recent years from disciplines such as cybernetics, systems theory, game theory, and network theory, as well as from the rapidly growing research field of simulating complex systems, which are discussed under titles like complexity research or theory of complex systems. The range of topics extends from simpler developments, such as those underlying predator-prey systems, to the fundamentals of chaos theory, cellular automata theory, game and network theory, and methods of artificial learning, as well as the theory of artificial neural networks and the conceptualization of self-referentiality and autopoiesis in complex systems. At the same time, the book seeks to illuminate the Anglo-American research tradition associated with institutions like the Santa Fe Institute, the activities of Bob Axelrod in Michigan, and the efforts of Joshua Epstein at the Brookings Institution.