Transnational human capital, for example in the form of language skills and intercultural competencies, is a resource that is becoming increasingly significant within globalization processes and is leading to new social inequalities. The volume addresses, in the first part, the changed macro-contexts and ideologies that make transnational human capital an important resource, as well as the institutions that facilitate its transmission—particularly during youth and young adulthood. The second part focuses on the socially unequal access opportunities to transnational human capital. The third part discusses the potential returns of transnational human capital and the resulting inequalities. The individual contributions employ a wide range of qualitative and quantitative approaches and provide insights from research.