Do better lighting conditions at night always lead to increased safety in road traffic? Do drivers change their driving behavior when they perceive improved light and visibility conditions? Can the positive safety effects of better lighting be diminished or negated by such behavioral adaptations? The authors summarize the current state of research on driver behavior under different lighting and visibility conditions. They analyze physical, physiological, and psychological factors, as well as the potential impact of infrastructural and vehicle-based technologies. It becomes clear that the immediate safety effect of the systems considered lies in earlier hazard recognition and anticipation. Although unfavorable behavioral adjustments may occur after the introduction of visibility-enhancing systems.