Social inequalities and the question of their reproduction are once again a hot topic in scientific debate today. The relationship between socialization and inequality has long been a contested subject. After being in vogue for many years, attention rapidly declined in the 1980s and 90s, and it was only with the PISA shock that many old questions were raised anew. Shedding light on this debate is the aim of this introduction. It seeks to present basic guidelines for the discussion, introduce different approaches to thinking, and thus prepare for a deeper engagement. The rediscovery of old theoretical frameworks and their relevance is the credo of the book. It represents a sensitization to the task of theory selection. The outlines of inequality-oriented socialization research simultaneously lead into a central area.