In 1939, all German Jews (except those in so-called mixed marriages) were consolidated by the National Socialists in the Reich Association of Jews in Germany. Its officials walked a tightrope that ended fatally for most of them: they hoped to promote the emigration of Jews, mitigate the effects of anti-Semitic measures, and ensure a Jewish remnant community in Germany. When the Nazi state banned emigration in the fall of 1941 and began systematic deportations, the majority of the officials decided to cooperate in order to "prevent worse." However, the strategy of cooperation did not provide them with greater leeway; instead, they increasingly found themselves in opposition to their coerced members. From June 1943, when almost all "unprotected" Jews and also their officials were affected.