In a separated Jewish cultural sphere in Nazi Germany, a multitude of literary works emerged between 1933 and 1938/45 that have hardly been recognized in their own significance until now. However, they must be read alongside the literary and artistic works of exile as the beginning of a literature that responded to the social disenfranchisement, exclusion, and murder of large parts of European Jewry. Names like Gertrud Kolmar, Franz Hessel, Ernst Blass, Leo Hirsch, Mascha Kaléko, Arthur Eloesser, Karl Escher, Meta Samson, Arno Nadel, Herbert Friedenthal, Max Samter, or Abraham Heschel exemplify many who did not immediately emigrate from Germany in 1933. Kerstin Schoor reconstructs both the social history and the text and discourse analysis of the disparate reactions based on literary texts and cultural debates.